|
In 1973 the anarchist Colin Ward
and journalist Anthony Fyson published "Streetwork", a
result of their research for the UK's Town and Country Planning
Associations Education Service. Left to their own devices by the
Association they were given time and money to focus on the environmental
education of the non-academic urban child. Having noticed a recent
upsurge in public interest in town and country planning and the
physical environment, the two collaborators set about rethinking
environmental education. The ideology of "Streetwork",
was the use of the urban environment as an educational resource
and its aim was to develop a school department into an integrated
community based program of decision making on local urban issues.
The bulk of their research was into existing 'schools without walls'
experiments in the US and the UK.
In the US the Parkway Education
Program in Philadelphia was an educational program funded by the
local education authority that had no school buildings, where students
were chosen via a lottery.
"Each of the eight units
or 'communities' (which operate independently) has a local HQ with
office space for staff and lockers for children. All teaching takes
place within the community. The search for facilities is considered
to be part of the process of education."
"The city offers an incredible
variety of learning labs: art students study at the art museum,
biology students at the zoo, business and vocational courses meet
at on-the-job sites. The program pays for none of its facilities
but instead looks for "wasted space". Students, in going
from class to class, travel around the city (normally on foot)."
The Parkway Program was followed
by the Metro High School in Chicago, (the Chicago Public High School
for Metropolitan Study), operating from 3 leased floors of an old
office building in a decaying area of town. The students were also
selected by lottery from all parts of Chicago.
According to Ward and Fyson, Metro
Education Montreal used the city's underground railway as the central
corridor for the same kind of activity - people were approached
to give an hour a week teaching about their work. Other spaces used
for classes were empty cinemas, vacant office spaces, under used
computer centres, restaurants, libraries, clinics and laboratories.
UK initiatives included Dartington
Hall and the Scotland Road Free School - 'taking kids from the half
cleared townscape of Everton on daily expeditions to see things
in and around the city. The kids were taken in an unemployment march
and visited the Fischer Bendix factory when it was occupied by the
workers', Guardian 21 march 1972.
"Shouldn't the school become
the Enquiring School, and its students the local researchers who
service the community with information on rents, traffic desities,
current planning proposals, employment prospects and so on".
Ward and Fyson began to develop
a handbook for setting up Streetwork Centres, mixing elements from
existing models with strategies lifted from Paul Goodman's "Skills
and Sabotage" and Patrick Geddes's writings on 'Outlook Towers'.
They belived that schools should
have open access to the city's factories, warehouses, offices transport
depots, municipal departments, supermarkets and sewage plants.
"Our aim is to develop a school department
into an integrated community based program of decision making on
local urban issues"..
'Town Tracking' would be developed,
and 'Trackers' were told how to make a Town Trail: "Develop
your Town Trail so as to study of the floorscape: street furniture,
house facades, the plaques on walls. Search out the names of architects
inscribed in half-hidden places: ascertain dates of buildings, collect
strange patterns in brick or stone. Evaluate different ways of building
houses, shops and offices. Compare and contrast one group of buildings
with another. Look for distant and unexpected views in the urban
landscape. Only enter buildings to sample the contents: not to stay
too long but to find one or two things which are relevant to the
Town Trail: a picture, a map, and so on. This will whet the trackers
appetite. Include within your trail the chance of experiencing a
wide range of environmental 'stimuli'. For instance listen for characteristc
street noises, take a part in open-air activities like a market
or procession: breath in the air and take note of the variety of
smells that can be experienced."
Many kinds of trails were suggested,
night trails, industrial trails and anti-trails, as well as high
outlook points or 'viewpoints'.
'Further functions the (Streetwork)
Centres could serve: an up to date permanent exhibition of planning
proposals for the area, a setting for community forums, a local
topographical archive, a planning aid centre for the district, a
centre for short courses for teachers on urban environmental work.'
As far as we know the research
and suggestions published in Streetwork were ignored by the government
and relevant education authorities of the time.
|